SARPS: Journal of Advanced Research in Plant Science
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ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHLOROPHYLL EXTRACT ISOLATED FROM COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA) LEAVES AGAINST SELECTED BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL PATHOGENS
Background: The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for novel bioactive compounds from natural sources. Chlorophyll, a naturally occurring pigment abundant in green plants, has attracted increasing attention due to its antioxidant and potential antimicrobial properties. However, limited information is available regarding the antimicrobial activity of chlorophyll extracted from cowpea leaves (Vigna unguiculata). Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of chlorophyll extracted from cowpea leaves against selected bacterial and fungal pathogens. Methods: Fresh cowpea leaves (Vigna unguiculata) were used for chlorophyll extraction using an acetone–methanol solvent system. The antimicrobial activity of the chlorophyll extract was assessed by the disc diffusion method following National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. The extract was tested at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated by measuring inhibition zone diameters around the treated discs. Results: The chlorophyll extract demonstrated antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. Strong inhibitory effects were observed against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, with inhibition zones indicating active to highly active antimicrobial performance. In contrast, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited only limited susceptibility, producing a smaller inhibition zone (10 mm), indicative of partial activity. The findings suggest that chlorophyll extracted from cowpea leaves possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria and fungal pathogens. Conclusion: Chlorophyll extracted from Vigna unguiculata leaves exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against a range of clinically relevant microorganisms, with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which showed reduced sensitivity. These findings support the potential use of plant-derived chlorophyll as a natural antimicrobial agent and warrant further investigations to elucidate its mechanisms of action, optimize extraction procedures, and evaluate its therapeutic applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Israa Mohamed Fadla Alla Elhaj, Nuha Aboud Ahmed, Hiba Hassan Ibrahim, Rabaa Musa Hamad, Dr. Azhari A. Mohammed Nour, Mohamed Awad Elkarim Mohamad Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS
The study includes a complete biochemical analysis of the secondary metabolites present in three essential medicinal plants which possess potential health benefits. The scientists used the combination testing method which included High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array detection and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to measure the primary active compounds present in the plant materials. The chromatographic analysis detected triterpenoid compounds at significant levels which included Azadirachtin that existed in Azadirachta indica at 0.82% w/w and the steroidal lactone Withaferin A which appeared in Withania somnifera at 1.45%. The Ocimum sanctum plant has a high phenolic content which includes eugenol as an aromatic component that constituted 3.12% (w/w) of the analyzed extract. The research shows that the studied species produce multiple secondary metabolites which possess unique chemical characteristics that enhance their medicinal properties. The researchers studied which plants generate terpenoids and phenolic compounds through the Mevalonate and Shikimic acid biosynthesis pathways. The research shows that plants produce specific metabolites which show different distribution patterns in their leaf and root systems. The research establishes specific indicators which use defined retention times and mass-to-charge ratios as standardized testing methods for pharmaceutical quality control and development of reliable plant-based medical products.
Mevalonate and Shikimic Acid Biosynthesis Pathways Etc
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahendra S Patil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHINA'S ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTS FOR REHABILITATING DESERTS IN LINE WITH THE ARABIAN DESERT
China seeks for idea of desert rehabilitating especially at Mongolia desert. This environmental sustainability concept has strategies for desert reconstruction via wild planting projects. It scopes on modifying climatic changes to optimum standard levels by idea of planting. This review compares as well the status of Arabian hot desert by using Saudi Arabia as an example. It gives such solutions to solve our environmental problems especially at desert area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Eesa El-Shabasy, Mohamed A. Al Abboud, Mohamed M. Alawlaqi, Mohamed Mostafa Soliman, Islam Mazahirul, Asaduddin Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ETHNOBOTANICAL DOCUMENTATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES
Ethnobotanical knowledge serves as a vital element for indigenous healthcare systems which operate in areas that lack access to contemporary medical facilities. The research demonstrates how indigenous communities utilize various medicinal plants together with their methods of plant preparation and practical applications. The research demonstrates that these plants possess therapeutic properties which can effectively address various medical conditions including respiratory illnesses and digestive disorders and inflammatory diseases and chronic medical conditions. Traditional practices were documented through fieldwork which included both interviews and participatory observation and plant identification activities. We conducted research to assess the reliability of plant species through two quantitative ethnobotanical measures which included Informant Consensus Factor ICF and Use Value UV and Relative Frequency of Citation RFC. The efficacy of specific medical interventions for digestive and respiratory ailments is widely acknowledged by specialists, a consensus bolstered by their extensive historical application. The plants Azadirachta indica and Curcuma longa hold significant importance within traditional medical practices, thereby underscoring their value in the context of ethnomedicine. Conversely, the long-term viability of these approaches is threatened by two key elements: the decline of biodiversity and the loss of indigenous knowledge. Given these challenges, this study suggests that drug development should include thorough documentation, plant conservation efforts, and ethnobotanical research. This integrated approach is expected to promote lasting improvements in healthcare.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahendra S Patil, Dr. Prem Kumar Gautam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AN OVERVIEW ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA
The fall armyworm (FAW), or Spodoptera frugiperda, (J.E. Smith, 1797) is a significant pest affecting global maize production and other economically important crops. It is an invasive and extremely damaging insect that affects maize and other crops all over the world. S. frugiperda is the most notorious, rapidly dominating as a major pest. This species is also widely distributed in Rajasthan. Its life cycle, including the egg, larval instars, pupa, and adult stages, is thoroughly and methodically examined in this work. The host plants and environmental factors have a significant impact on the lifespan, which usually takes 32 to 45 days to complete. FAW poses a significant threat to agriculture due to its high fecundity and adaptability, with the larval stage being the most destructive.
Copyright (c) 2025 Puja Dewanda, Garima Kumawat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIOPESTICIDES UTILIZATION SCENARIO IN INDIA: RECENT TRENDS IN BIOPESTICIDES IMPLEMENTED STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE HORTICULTURE
The global horticultural sector is currently at a pivotal point, driven by the dual challenges of climate induced pest resurgence and the stringent regulatory laws to eliminate synthetic chemical residue. Although India contributes significantly to the global fruit and vegetable production, its shift towards biological control strategies present an inconsistent and fragmented implementation. As the global horticulture transition towards sustainable intensification, biopesticides have emerged as prime alternative to synthetic agrochemicals. Currently, Indian biopesticides market is undergoing enormous expansion, expected to exceed USD 285 million by 2026. This review examines biopesticides utilization within Indian horticulture system, sector crucial to country’s nutritional and economic security. Despite having rich history of botanical pest controlling practices, Indian transition towards widespread implementation of biopesticides encounter several challenges, such as inconsistent field efficiency, regulatory complexities, and insufficient knowledge among farmers. In contrast the global arena is shifting towards transformative cutting edge technologies. This review consolidates the global breakthroughs including RNA interference (RNAi) biopesticides, nanoencapsulation delivery systems, and CRISPR-based biocontrol tactics, assessing their potential for incorporation into Indian horticultural practices. This review emphasize the connection between indigenous knowledge and global technical advancement, offering a strategic framework to improve dependability and scalability of biopesticides. Ultimately, it promotes a contemporary Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy to residue free horticultural output.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shabnam Shaikh, Heli Oza, Hiteshkumar Solanki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF BAY RUM LEAVES (PIMENTA RACEMOSA)
Bay rum leaves (Pimenta racemosa) are aromatic medicinal leaves widely used in traditional medicine, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical applications. The present article highlights the botanical characteristics, phytochemical composition, and therapeutic properties of bay rum leaves. These leaves contain essential oils such as eugenol, myrcene, and chavicol which show antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. The study emphasizes the importance of bay rum leaves in herbal medicine and their potential applications in life science research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saima Naveed, Hijab-e-Jeha-Fathimarabiya Khatun, Yogalakshmi, Vindhiya, Dr. Shaik Azeem Taj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This study examines the potential of hydroponics in promoting urban sustainability through a case study of a hydroponics farm in [city/region]. Hydroponics, a soilless cultivation method, offers a promising solution to urban food security, environmental degradation and resource scarcity. Our result shows that hydroponics can increase crop yield by up to 30% while reducing water consumptions by up to 90% compared to traditional farming. The system’s environmental impact was assessed through life cycle analysis revealing a significant reduction in carbon footprint and land use. However, high initial investment and energy costs remain barriers to adoption. We propose implementation strategies , including government incentives, public-private partnership, and community-led initiatives, to overcome these challenges. This study demonstrates hydroponics potential in enhancing urban sustainability and provides insights for policymakers, urban planners and researchers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. B. Saritha, Sabreen Fathima, Mohsina Sultana, Nasifa Banu, Nasrin Banu, Sumaiya S. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL OF CURCUMA LONGA EXTRACTS AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS AGAINST SELECTED LABORATORY FUNGAL ISOLATES: AN IN VITRO STUDY
The increasing occurrence of fungal resistance to commonly prescribed antifungal medications has created an urgent need for alternative therapeutic options. Plant-derived compounds are being investigated extensively due to their diverse bioactive properties and reduced adverse effects. The present study was designed to experimentally evaluate the inhibitory effect of Curcuma longa rhizome extract on selected fungal isolates under laboratory conditions. Turmeric rhizomes were processed, extracted using suitable solvents, and tested at graded concentrations. Antifungal activity was determined by measuring growth inhibition through diffusion-based and dilution techniques. The extent of fungal suppression was recorded and compared with a standard antifungal agent. A gradual increase in inhibitory activity was observed with increasing extract concentration. Differences in susceptibility among the fungal species were evident. The antifungal effect may be associated with naturally occurring phytochemicals present in turmeric. These findings indicate that Curcuma longa extract demonstrates measurable antifungal potential and warrants further pharmacological investigation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. G. A. Asif Jama, Prathiba P., Sanjana R., Seerin Arifa S., Shameena Begum S., Shehanaz Begum M. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED VEGETABLE CROPS GROWN UNDER ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FARMING SYSTEMS
The growing concern for environmental sustainability and food quality has increased interest in organic farming practices. The present study aimed to compare the growth performance and phytochemical characteristics of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and green chilli (Capsicum annuum) cultivated under organic and inorganic farming systems. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design with two treatments: organic (T₁) and inorganic (T₂). Growth parameters such as plant height, days to flowering, and yield were recorded. Phytochemical analyses including total phenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were assessed using standard biochemical assays. The results revealed that inorganic farming significantly enhanced vegetative growth and yield in both crops. However, organically grown plants exhibited higher concentrations of phytochemicals and greater antioxidant activity. The findings suggest that while inorganic farming improves productivity, organic farming plays a vital role in enhancing the nutritional quality of vegetable crops, thereby supporting sustainable agricultural practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arthiswari R, Aayesha Farhana , Deepika B, Deepika G, Farhana Begum F, Beema Jainab S. I. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GROWTH RESPONSES OF HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS TO VARYING TEMPERATURE REGIMES: A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION
Temperature is a critical abiotic factor influencing plant growth, metabolic processes, and reproductive development. The present study investigates the comparative growth performance and adaptive responses of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis under different temperature regimes. Plants were maintained under controlled conditions representing low (15°C), optimal (25°C), and high (35°C) temperature ranges. Growth attributes such as plant height, leaf number, leaf area, and flower production were evaluated along with physiological indicators including chlorophyll stability and visible stress symptoms. The findings revealed that plants grown under the optimal temperature range (25°C) exhibited significantly enhanced vegetative growth, improved chlorophyll retention, and increased flowering compared to those exposed to low and high temperatures. Lower temperature conditions resulted in reduced growth rate and delayed flowering, whereas higher temperatures induced chlorophyll degradation, wilting, and decreased floral output. Although Hibiscus rosa-sinensis demonstrated adaptive plasticity across varying thermal environments, prolonged exposure to temperature extremes negatively affected overall plant vigor and ornamental quality. This study underscores the importance of maintaining optimal thermal conditions for maximizing growth and reproductive efficiency in Hibiscus and provides valuable insights for climate-resilient horticultural management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. G.A. Asif Jamal, Lavanya R., Nazeera N., Pavithra R., Pavithra M., Lokeshwari B. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SURVEY OF TREES IN JUSTICE BASHEER AHMED SAYEED COLLEGE
A systematic survey of tree species was conducted at Justice Basheer Ahmed Sayeed College for Women, Chennai, to document species diversity, abundance, and distribution within the campus. The study recorded 41 different tree species belonging to diverse families. A total of more than 350 individual trees were documented across academic blocks, parking areas, playgrounds, and open spaces. Dominant species included Bambusa vulgaris (81 No’s), Peltophorum pterocarpum (46 No’s), Dypsis lutescens (34 No’s) and Cocos nucifera (25 No’s). The survey highlights the ecological richness of the campus and emphasizes the importance of urban biodiversity conservation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gayathri P., Gopika N., Hafeesa Farzana M., Hemalatha R., Kamali Sri.R, Jabeena Begum P. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT SCIENCE: SMART DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES
Conventional use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture often results in low efficiency, environmental pollution, and soil degradation. Nanotechnology offers innovative solutions through smart delivery systems that enhance nutrient use efficiency, minimize chemical losses, and reduce ecological risks. Nanoparticles, nanocarriers, and nanocapsules allow controlled release of agrochemicals, targeted delivery to plant tissues, and reduced dosage requirements. Research shows that nano-fertilizers can increase nutrient uptake efficiency by 20–40% compared to bulk fertilizers, while nano-encapsulated pesticides improve pest control with 30–50% lower doses. This paper reviews the applications of nanotechnology in fertilizer and pesticide delivery, highlights experimental evidence of improved plant growth and yield, and discusses environmental safety, regulatory issues, and future prospects.
Copyright (c) 2025 SARPS: Journal of Advanced Research in Plant Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ENHANCEMENT OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN MEDICINAL PLANTS
Secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds play essential roles in the therapeutic efficacy of medicinal plants. However, their natural biosynthesis is often slow and influenced by environmental factors, leading to limited yields. Advances in biotechnology—including tissue culture, metabolic engineering, elicitor treatments, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing—have revolutionized strategies for enhancing secondary metabolite production. Experimental evidence demonstrates that elicitor application can increase alkaloid production in Catharanthus roseus by up to 200%, while metabolic engineering has successfully enhanced artemisinin yield in Artemisia annua by 3-fold. This paper synthesizes research on biotechnological interventions aimed at improving the yield and stability of secondary metabolites, with emphasis on tissue culture techniques, omics integration, and synthetic biology. The findings highlight the potential for scalable production of bioactive compounds to meet rising pharmaceutical and nutraceutical demands.
PHYTOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF PLANTS IN HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATED SOILS
Heavy metal contamination of soils poses a significant environmental and agricultural challenge due to its toxic effects on plants, animals, and humans. Phytoremediation, the use of green plants to clean up contaminated soils, offers an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable alternative to conventional remediation technologies. Several plant species, particularly hyperaccumulators, have demonstrated the ability to absorb, stabilize, or transform heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and chromium (Cr). This study explores the phytoremediation potential of different plants, their mechanisms of action, and their applications in heavy metal-contaminated soils.
MOLECULAR BREEDING APPROACHES FOR YIELD ENHANCEMENT IN LEGUMES
Legumes are a vital source of plant-based protein, essential nutrients, and soil nitrogen enrichment. Yield improvement in legumes has historically relied on conventional breeding; however, molecular breeding approaches offer more precise, efficient, and rapid strategies for crop improvement (Varshney et al., 2019). Techniques such as marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection, gene editing, and molecular mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have significantly contributed to identifying superior genotypes with enhanced yield potential (Chen et al., 2019). This review highlights the current molecular tools, their applications in legume yield enhancement, and challenges in integrating these approaches into breeding programs. The potential of combining genomic resources with advanced phenotyping and biotechnology to accelerate yield improvement is also discussed (Bhat et al., 2016)
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND PLANT PRODUCTIVITY
Climate change, characterized by elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, rising temperatures, and altered precipitation patterns, significantly affects photosynthesis and overall plant productivity. Research indicates that while elevated CO₂ can initially stimulate photosynthetic activity through the CO₂ fertilization effect, long-term productivity gains are constrained by nutrient limitations, water stress, and temperature-induced photorespiration. Studies in rice, wheat, maize, and soybean have shown yield reductions of 10–25% under combined heat and drought stress. Moreover, shifts in stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and Rubisco activity provide critical insights into the physiological impacts of climate stress. This paper synthesizes experimental evidence from Free-Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) studies, controlled chamber experiments, and field trials to evaluate how climate change alters photosynthetic efficiency and crop yields. The results highlight the need for climate-resilient crop varieties, improved agronomic practices, and biotechnological interventions to sustain global food production under a changing climate.
CRISPR GENE EDITING FOR DEVELOPING STRESS RESILIENT CROPS
Crop productivity is increasingly threatened by abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and temperature extremes, as well as biotic challenges including pathogens and pests. Traditional breeding methods have achieved partial success in enhancing stress tolerance but remain time-consuming and limited by species compatibility. The advent of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology offers a precise, cost-effective, and rapid approach to developing stress-resilient crops. This paper reviews recent advances in CRISPR-mediated genome editing for improving stress tolerance in major crops, focusing on targeted genes related to abiotic and biotic stress pathways. Methodological approaches, including single-gene knockouts, base editing, and multiplex gene editing, are discussed. Results from published studies demonstrate significant improvements in drought and salt tolerance, disease resistance, and yield stability. The discussion highlights both the promise and limitations of CRISPR, including regulatory concerns and off-target effects. The review concludes that CRISPR technology provides a transformative platform for sustainable agriculture under climate change conditions.